Urinary KIM-1 Levels Normal Pregnancy vs Early-Onset Preeclampsia, and Late-Onset Preeclampsia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25077/aoj.9.2.213-223.2025Keywords:
Preeclampsia, urinary KIM-1, biomarker, normal pregnancy, early onset preeclampsia, late onset preeclampsiaAbstract
Introduction : Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that contributes to high maternal mortality rates. Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) has been identified as a potential biomarker for detecting kidney injury and is suspected to play a role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.
Objective : This study to determine the differences in urinary KIM-1 levels among normal pregnancies, early-onset preeclampsia, and late-onset preeclampsia at Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, Padang.
Methods : Cross-sectional comparative study included 72 pregnant women, consisting of 24 with normal pregnancies, 24 with early-onset preeclampsia, and 24 with late-onset preeclampsia. Urinary KIM-1 levels were measured using the ELISA method at the Biomedical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University.
Results : The mean urinary KIM-1 levels in the normal pregnancy group were 2.834 ± 0.957 ng/mL, in the early-onset preeclampsia group were 2.659 ± 1.175 ng/mL, and in the late-onset preeclampsia group were 2.694 ± 0.978 ng/mL. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in urinary KIM-1 levels among the three groups (p > 0.05).
Conclusion : There was no significant difference in urinary KIM-1 levels between normal pregnancies, early-onset preeclampsia, and late-onset preeclampsia. Further studies with larger sample sizes and more specific methods are needed to explore the potential of KIM-1 as a preeclampsia biomarker.
References
1. Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 222. Obstet doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003891 Gynecol. 2020;135(6):e237-e260.
2. World Health Organization. WHO Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment of Pre-Eclampsia and Eclampsia. 2018.
3. Rana S, Lemoine E, Granger JP, Karumanchi SA. Preeclampsia: Pathophysiology, Challenges, and Perspectives. Circ Res. 2019;124(7):1094 1112. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313276
4. Brown MA, Magee LA, Kenny LC, et al. Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: ISSHP Classification, Diagnosis, and Management Recommendations for International Practice. Hypertension. 2018;72(1):24-43. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10803
5. Indonesian Obstetrics and Gynecology Association Feto Maternal Medical Association. National Guidelines for Medical Services: Diagnosis and Management of Preeclampsia. 2019.
6. Wang Y, Gu Y, Gu X, Cooper DB, Lewis DF. Evidence of kidney injury in preeclampsia: Increased maternal and urinary levels of NGAL and KIM-1 and their enhanced expression in proximal tubule epithelial cells. Front Med. 2023;10:1130112. doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1130112
7. Berenji MG, Berenji HG, Pashapour S, Sadeghpour S. Serum Netrin-1 and Urinary KIM-1 levels as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of early preeclampsia. J Obstet Gynaecol J Inst Obstet Gynaecol. 2022;42(4):636-640. doi:10.1080/01443615.2021.1945010
8. Yalman MV, Madendag Y, Sahin E, et al. Effect of preeclampsia and its severity on maternal serum NGAL and KIM-1 levels during pregnancy and the post-pregnancy period. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2021;256:246 251. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.11.040
9. Yusriwanti K. The Role of Kidney Injury Molecule Type-1 (Kim-1) Urin in Predicting the Occurrence of Acute Kidney Disorders in Children with Sepsis. Thesis. Hasanuddin University. 2022
10. Jerny D. Analysis of mRNA and Protein Expression of Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase (Dld) and Kidney Injury Molecule -1 (Kim-1) in Rat Kidney Model in the Initiation Phase of Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. Dissertation thesis. Hasanuddin University. 2022.
11. Conde-Agudelo A., Villar J., Lindheimer M. World health organization systematic review of screening tests for preeclampsia. Obstet. Gynecol. 2004;104:1367–1391.
12. SZCZEPANSKI, Jamie, et al. Acute kidney injury in pregnancies complicated with preeclampsia or HELLP syndrome. Frontiers in medicine, 2020, 7: 22
13. KATTAH, Andrea. Preeclampsia and kidney disease: deciphering cause and effect. Current hypertension reports, 2020, 22.11: 91.
14. Yusrawati, Machmud R. Individual Risk Factors of Preeclampsia in M. Djamil General Hospital Padang. Andalas Obstetrics and Gynecology Journal. 2017;1(2):64-71.
15. Sausan R, Yusrawati, Karmia HR. The Role of Endothelial Nitrit Oxide in Preeclampsia Onset. Andalas Obstetrics and Gynecology Journal. 2025;9(1):41-48.
16. Grossini E, Surico D, Venkatesan S, Ola Pour MM, Aquino CI, Remorgida V. Extracellular Vesicles and Pregnancy-Related Hypertensive Disorders: A Descriptive Review on the Possible Implications “From Bench to Bedside”. Biology. 2025 Feb 27;14(3):240.
17. Dimitriadis E, Rolnik DL, Zhou W, et al. Pre-eclampsia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2023;9(1):8.
18. Ives CW, Sinkey R, Rajapreyar I, Tita ATN, Oparil S. Preeclampsia-Pathophysiology and Clinical Presentations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(14):1690-1702.
19. Gathiram P, Moodley J. Pre-eclampsia: its pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2016;27(2):71-8.
20. Dickerson AG, Joseph CA, Kashfi K. Current approaches and innovations in managing preeclampsia: highlighting maternal health disparities. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025 Feb 11;14(4):1190.
21. Guerby P, Tasta O, Swiader A, et al. Role of oxidative stress in the dysfunction of the placental endothelial nitric oxide synthase in preeclampsia. Redox Biol. 2021;40:101861.
22. Vaidya VS, Waikar SS, Ferguson MA, Collings FB, Sunderland K, Bonventre JV. Urinary kidney injury molecule-1: a sensitive quantitative biomarker for early detection of kidney tubular injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006;290(2):F517-29.
23. El Minshawy O, Khedr MH, Youssuf AM, Abo Elela M, Kamel FM, Keryakos HK. Value of the cell cycle arrest biomarkers in the diagnosis of pregnancy-related acute kidney injury. Bioscience Reports. 2021 Jan;41(1):BSR20200962.
24. Zeisler H, Llurba E, Chantraine F, et al. Predictive Value of the sFlt-1:PlGF Ratio in Women with Suspected Preeclampsia. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(1):13-22.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Sivia Heni Morena, Vaulinne Basyir, Husna Yetti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
